Individuals treated with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for PTSD also show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment (Bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005). The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005 Ehlers et al., 2005 Kubany et al., 2004).It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. A PsychInfo search of “Beck Depression Inventory” or “BDI” AND “trauma” yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). The BDI has been used in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. The authors report that the solution differed from that reported for adults in that the first factor contained both cognitive and affective symptoms. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable.BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002 Kumar et al., 2002). Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002 Kumar et al., 2002 Osman et al., 2004), and validity.BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002 Steer et al., 1998).A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002 Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004 Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003).
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